Artificial Intelligence (AI) comes with a whole language associated with it. It also comes with a thousand different views on whether it is a threat, an opportunity or something else. All agree that it represents a fundamental shift in how we live and work; we just haven’t worked out what it will mean. The world of currency and payments is not immune.

Cash & Payment News™ sister publication Currency News™ runs a periodic series looking at the latest central bank annual reports in the context of cash activities – production, circulation, counterfeiting etc. In this equivalent period series, we will be looking at those same reports in the context of digital payments.

This year the ATM Industry Association (ATMIA) ran its European and Emerging Markets event as a roadshow with one meeting in Madrid and another in Berlin in the same week at the start of June. We report here on three presentations from the conference – an overview of Germany, a report from the European Commission on progress with the Legal Tender Cash Regulation, and a detailed report from Piraeus Bank about what is happening to cash in Greece.

Issue data tells us how many new notes and coins the issuing authority is putting into circulation. Issue data is an indicator for suppliers about how much cash central banks are using. It also gives us an indication of economic activity, which is often looked at alongside indicators of general economic activity. Issue data is not usually published by issuing authorities.

Following its recent Malaysian event, the next CB+DC Conference takes place 27-29 October in Amsterdam. Given that the US has just banned any prospect of a retail, or even wholesale, CBDC before 2030 in the same week that the European Parliament is pressing ahead with a digital euro, the timing and location of this event is right in the midst of the debate.

Results of the US Survey of Consumer Payment Choice (SCPC) and Diary of Consumer Payment Choice (DCPC) have been published by the Federal Reserve Banks of Atlanta and Boston and Federal Reserve Financial Services1. The DCPC, in which consumers record details of specific transactions (including dollar values) and their payment choices, was conducted in October 2025.

Economists, including those at central banks, and academics track, analyse and use cash in circulation (CIC) data extensively. What does it tell them and is it really useful for ‘cash stakeholders’ (anybody working to provide, manage and circulate cash)?

In a recent paper – Public Discourse on Retail Payments and the Case of CBDC (SAFE Working Paper No. 474, April 2026) – Ulrich Bindseil, former Director General of Market Infrastructure and Payments at the European Central Bank, analyses how stakeholders in the retail payments industry shape public debates and policymaking. His focus is primarily on digital payments, particularly CBDCs, which he argues have triggered unprecedented public debate. Notably, while central banks’ mandate to issue cash is acknowledged, the broader discussion on the role of cash in retail payments is largely omitted.

Currency in circulation (CIC) is often the first data point that is referred to when considering where cash is going and the health of cash systems. And on this measure, there are positive signs across many Asian markets. In an initial sample of eight economies, CIC grew between 45% and 349% over the period 2016 to 2024. In these markets, all have seen CIC grow in every year except Malaysia (0.2% decline in 2022, otherwise growth) and Australia (1.6% decline in 2023, current CIC is at an all-time high).

Danmarks Nationalbank has published a paper about cash use in Denmark. The paper draws on the results of the latest survey of citizens’ payment habits, which took place in the autumn of 2025 – the latest in a series that started in 2017.

In an Act about housing supply, the US Senate included a ban on the Federal Reserve issuing or creating a central bank digital currency (CBDC), or any substantially similar distributed ledger technology (DLT) based digital asset, until the end of 2030, including via intermediaries. The bill now goes back to the House of Representatives.

The Canadian government is planning to ban Canada’s estimated 4,000 crypto capable ATMs after concluding that they are being used by scammers to defraud users.

Ryozo Himino, Deputy Governor of the Bank of Japan, recently spoke about the singleness of money and the role of central banks. In his speech he noted the divergent approaches being taken by the US and Europe (GENIUS Act and the digital euro), stating that they may not serve as a model for Japan to follow given that they are heading in different directions, limiting the room for global consensus standards to emerge. Also, unlike the dollar, the yen is not the world’s key currency and Japan is an individual nation state with its own currency that is not a tool for regional integration.

The UK Government has commissioned an independent review to examine the impact of bank branch closures.

Currency Research has published a report on the findings of a survey of 37 central banks across six continents to examine global cash usage trends and the longterm role of physical currency. The report was initiated because the experiences of mature economies are shaping the cash narrative when, in fact, the rest of the world is seeing a very different situation.

In conjunction with the UK’s National Westminster bank, Prof Darren Duxbury, behavioural finance expert and Chair in Finance at Newcastle University Business School, has carried out a research project investigating the behavioural traits that influence peoples’ choices of payment method.

At the Global Currency Forum (GCF) in Antalya at the end of April, who said or made a comment along the lines below (answers below)?

Diederik Bruggink, Senior Director – Payments, Digital Finance and Innovation (WSBI-ESBG), has published an article in the Journal of Payments Strategy & Systems: ‘A Tale of Transactions: An analysis of Retail Payments in the Euro Area’ posted on LinkedIn about it (Post | LinkedIn). The paper takes a data-driven look at how Europeans really pay today – across cash, debit cards and e-money – using the European Central Bank (ECB) SPACE 2024 study and the ECB Data Portal, with the aim of adding to the current debate about a possible holding limit for the digital euro.

There is a very significant focus on the challenges faced when people choose to pay digitally rather than with cash. It seems to be a, if not the, core theme of conferences, publications and public policy wherever you go. Why? And should it be? Two papers reported in this edition suggest it should not – the high volume economies report from the Global Currency Forum (GCF) and the Currency Research Cash Resilience paper.

An excellent session at the Global Currency Forum saw Joash Rono (Central Bank of Kenya), Alberto Torfer (Bank of Mexico), Anwar Bashori (Bank Indonesia – BI), Firat Emre Karakas (Central Bank of Türkiye – CBRT) and Faisal I Algosar (Saudi Arabian Monetary Authority) give the perspective of some high volume economies, a very different set of priorities from other presentations.